Electrical engineering

Magnetic phenomena are universal in nature. Magnetism  is one aspect of the combined electromagnetic force. It refers to physical phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or repel other objects. ... Permanent magnets, made from materials such as iron, experience the strongest effects, known as ferromagnetism.   The magnetic field lines              The pattern of iron filings permits us to plot the magnetic field lines*. This isshown both for the bar-magnet and the current-carrying solenoid. Electric fieldlines of an electric dipole are also  magnetic fieldlines and these lines are a visual and intuitive realisation of the magnetic field.  Their properties are: (i)The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuousclosed loops. This is unlike the electric dipole where these field linesbegin from a positive charge and end on the negative charge or e...

What  is  biogas?   Biogas  is  produced  after  organic  materials (plant  and  animal  products)  are  broken  down by  bacteria  in  an  oxygen-free  environment,  a process  called  anaerobic  digestion.  Biogas systems  use  anaerobic  digestion  to  recycle these  organic  materials,  turning  them  into biogas,  which  contains  both  energy  (gas), and  valuable  soil  products  (liquids  and solids).   Anaerobic  digestion  already  occurs  in nature,  landfills,  and  some  livestock  manure management systems,  but  can  be  optimized,  controlled,  and  contained  using  an  anaerobic  digester.  Biogas  contains roughly  50-...

An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current. Insulating materials include paper, plastic, rubber, glass and air. Vacuum is also an insulator, but is not actually a material. Most electrical conductors are covered by insulation. Magnet wire is coated with an extremely thin layer of insulation so that more turns or larger wire may be used in the winding of transformers etc. Insulators are generally rated at hundreds of volts, but some that are used in power distribution are rated as high as hundreds of thousands of volts. Insulators support and/or keep electrical conductors from making unintended contact with each other.   Best material of insulator  The  best insulator  in the world right now is most probably aerogel, with silica aerogels having thermal conductivities of less than 0.03 W/m*K in atmosphere. of aerogel preventing ice from melting on a hot plate at 80 degrees Celsius! Aerogel has its amazing properties because it's mostly...

GPS(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM):-                                                            GPS or Global Positioning System is a satellite navigation system that furnishes location and time information in all climate conditions to the user. GPS is used for navigation in planes, ships, cars, and trucks also. The system gives critical abilities to military and civilian users around the globe. GPS provides continuous real-time, 3-dimensional positioning, navigation and timing worldwide.                                                System Description GPS has three ‘segments’: The  space  segment now consists of 32 satellites, each in its own orbit about 11,000 nautical miles abo...

Solar cell also known as   photovoltaic. Solar Cell  is an electrical device which converts the light  energy  into electrical  energy . ... This voltage increase whit increase in the light intensity. The  cell  is so designed that a large area is exposed to light which enhances the voltage generation across the two terminals of the  cell . Introduction  : -                             Photovoltaic systems behave in an extra ordinary and useful way . They react to light by transforming part of it into electricity . More over this conversion is novel and unique ,since photovoltaics. It have no any moving part. There is no any container for fluids and gases.  It don't need any fuel for operate it. It have a rapid response, achieveing all full output instantly. It can operate on moderate temperature. It didn't produce any pollution when it ge...

Earthing: Earthing can simply be defined as the process of protecting against unwarranted spikes and bouts of electricity that can cause damage to life and property. Therefore it is important to remember these key differences between the two. One needs to understand that they both are referring to the same process. A deeper understanding of  electric potential  can prove useful in this method. Grounding: Grounding is similar to Earthing, by which insulation against accidental currents is achieved. The main live wire is connected to a power supply to power an appliance, however, the other portion of the wire is led under the earth. This is done in case of an accidental cut in the circuit, to avoid overloading and other dangerous side effects. The key difference between earthing and grounding is that the term “ Earthing ” means that the circuit is physically connected to the ground which is Zero Volt Potential to the Ground (Earth). Whereas in “ Grounding ” the circuit is n...

Introduction A MCB is a mechanical switching device which is capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and automatically breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit. In short, MCB is a device for overload and short circuitprotection. They are  used in residential & commercial areas. Just like we spend time to make a thorough check before buying appliances like washing machines or  refrigerators, we must also research mcbs MCB COMPONENT Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates the status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is sometimes referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation. 1. Actuator mechanism - forces the contact...

What is a digital multimeter? A  digital multimeter  is a test tool used to measure two or more electrical values—principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic industries. Digital multimeters long ago replaced needle-based analog meters due to their ability to measure with greater accuracy, reliability and increased impedance. Fluke introduced its first digital multimeter in 1977. To better  understand  digital  multimeters,  it’s  helpful  to  become  clear  on  the  basics  of electricity.                       After  all,  digital multimeter  always  measure  some  aspect  of  electricity. In  the  case  of electricity,  that  force  might  be  a...

     SOLDERING                                              Soldering is a jointing process used to join different types Electrical or Electronic component together, also metal.                      Soldering differs from other metal bonding approaches such as brazing or welding in both the temperatures used to create the bond and the resulting strength of the bond. The generally accepted definition of soldering given by the Welding Society is that soldering takes place at temperatures below (450 o C). Higher temperature bonding processes produce stronger bonds that are not subject to stress-induced creep. How does it work? Solder is melted by using heat from an iron connected to a temperature controller. It is heated up to temperatures beyond its melting point at around 450 degrees fahrenheit which ...